behaviourism

behaviourism的音标是[bɪ"heɪvjərɪzəm]，中文翻译为行为主义。速记技巧是：可以结合其含义一起记，行为主义主要研究动物和人的行为，强调环境对行为的影响。

Behaviorism这个词的英文词源可以追溯到拉丁语和希腊语，意为“行为主义”。这个词在20世纪初被引入到心理学领域，强调对行为的观察和分析，而不是对心理过程的理解。

变化形式：Behaviorism这个词在英语中没有明显的变化形式，它是一个合成词，由behavior（行为）和ism（主义或学派）组成。

相关单词：

1. behavior：行为，表现 - 这是behaviorism的核心词，表示观察和记录动物或人的行为是行为主义的主要方法。

2. instinctive：本能性的 - 行为主义强调本能行为，这个词用来描述这种行为是天生和无意识的。

3. condition：条件，训练 - 行为主义者强调通过训练和条件作用改变动物或人的行为，这个词在行为主义中非常重要。

4. reinforce：强化，加强 - 这是另一个与行为主义密切相关的词，表示通过奖励来加强好的行为。

5. Pavlovian：巴甫洛夫的 - 这是指用条件反射的方法研究动物行为的一种方法，这是行为主义的一个重要分支。

6. operant：操作性的 - 这是指通过操作性的条件反射来改变行为，这也是行为主义的一个重要概念。

7. skinnerbox：斯金纳箱 - 这是对巴甫洛夫条件反射实验设备的形象描述，也是行为主义的一个重要象征。

8. instrumental：工具性的 - 这是指通过操作性的条件反射来改变行为，这与本能行为和刺激反应行为形成对比。

9. stimulus-response：刺激-反应 - 这是行为主义的基本假设，即行为是由外部刺激和内部反应之间的联系所决定的。

10. observation：观察 - 观察是行为主义的主要方法之一，通过对行为的观察和分析来理解动物或人的行为。

总的来说，行为主义是一种强调通过对动物或人的行为进行观察和分析来理解其心理过程的心理学学派。它对心理学的发展产生了深远的影响，并影响了许多其他学科领域。

常用短语：

1. behaviorist approach

2. behavior modification

3. reinforcement learning

4. stimulus-response learning

5. operant conditioning

6. Pavlovian conditioning

7. instrumental conditioning

8. habit formation

例句：

1. The behaviorist believes that the environment shapes behavior, not the other way around.

2. The teacher used a behaviorist approach to help the students improve their reading skills.

3. The behavior of the dog was modified after receiving positive reinforcement from its owner.

4. Operant conditioning is a powerful tool for teaching new behaviors to animals.

5. Pavlovian conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when a person learns to associate a stimulus with an event or outcome.

6. Habit formation is a key component of effective behavior modification.

7. The behaviorist approach emphasizes the importance of observable behaviors and the role of rewards and punishments in shaping desired outcomes.

英文小作文：

The importance of observable behaviors in shaping our lives cannot be overstated. Behaviorism, a school of thought that emphasizes the importance of observable behaviors and the role of rewards and punishments in shaping desired outcomes, has had a profound impact on how we view and approach our own and others" behaviors.

In this perspective, we are constantly influenced by our environment and the interactions we have with it, which shape our behaviors and ultimately determine our outcomes. By understanding this, we can better shape our environments and interactions to promote desired outcomes, such as positive relationships, increased productivity, and overall well-being.

Moreover, the behaviorist approach emphasizes the importance of habit formation, which is critical in maintaining consistent and reliable behaviors over time. Habits are formed through repeated actions that become automatic and effortless over time, making them powerful tools for achieving goals and staying on track.

By adopting a behaviorist perspective, we can better understand the role of observable behaviors in shaping our lives and approach our goals with a more systematic and effective approach. This approach can help us to identify patterns in our behaviors, identify opportunities for change, and create environments that promote desired outcomes.